In any lens, elements are the specific lens pieces used and how are they arranged to obtain a particular feature, the arrangement is the group. Lenses pieces are usually arranged in groups. In lens, say if it is a zoom lens, it will have more number of elements and groups, where as for a prime lens, it will have less number of groups and elements. 

Usually it is termed as the more number of groups and elements, the better the quality but it is not always true. Lens quality also depends on the type of glass, design mechanism, manufacturing process of the lens. So for a particular focal length, a prime lens would be better than the zoom lens.

Prime lenses usually perform better than zoom lenses.

Pixean is one stop solution for your all needs related to photography. This is a unique platform where both professional and amateur photographers interact and learn from each other. You can learn photography with the help of workshops organized here. You can also organize workshops if you have something important to share with others about photography. You can take part in various photography contest or even organize one. You can read well written blogs here to sharpen your photography skills or you can write blog here. You can also hire photographers for your various needs or you can provide these services if you know photography. The list goes on. Hope it helps

You will need following things

1. A DSLR camera with a 200mm+ telephoto lens or a point and shoot camera that has an optical zoom capability.
2. A stable tripod.
3. Remote camera trigger (optional). If you do not have one, a timer in your camera will also work
4. Make sure you are in such a place where city lights don't affect your photo shoot. I would suggest going outside city area where you can find no lights, like Highways, Village etc. 

And following camera setting

Camera Mode: Set your camera mode to full Manual Mode.

ISO: Set your ISO to 100. If you have a point and shoot camera, see if you can find a menu setting to set your ISO to 100. Make sure “Auto ISO” is turned Off.

Aperture: Set your aperture to f/11.

Shutter Speed: Set your shutter speed to 1/125 

Lens Focus: Set your lens to manual focus (either through a switch on the lens or on the camera) and set your focus to infinity. Be careful while setting the focus to infinity, as some lenses allow focusing beyond infinity. If you do not have such a feature in your camera, then try setting your lens to the center of the infinity sign, then take a picture and see if it came out sharp by zooming in the rear LCD of the camera.

And voila, you will get this type of results

http://nisargpandya.com/portfolio/different-moods-of-moon/

1 Best way to click pictures on a mobile phone is by using grid mode available on every cell phonenow you just have to put 9 things in those 9 boxes which will result in beautiful composition 

2. The angle from where click picture

Types of equipment that are needed to shoot long exposures

A tripod – this is a good piece of equipment to have in most instance, but is a critical piece of equipment for shooting long exposures. Make sure your camera is properly mounted on the tripod before you start shooting.

A camera – obviously you will need a camera, but many people assume you can only do this type of photography with an SLR. Some advanced point-and-shoot cameras can also do long exposures if they have a Shutter Priority function. Take a look in your camera’s manual to see if it has this function, you may be surprised.

Cable release – your camera will be on a tripod, so it should be very still, however, sometimes the action of pressing the shutter release button can cause the camera to move slightly and this movement can cause your image to blur very slightly. You may not notice this on the LCD screen, but when you open the image on your computer, it will be evident. I recommend getting a cable release (also called a remote trigger). It is simply a cable that attaches to your camera and acts as a shutter release button. Using a cable release means you can set up your camera, step away from the tripod and press the button without touching the camera. Cable releases can be wireless too. If you don’t have a cable release or don’t want to buy one, you could use your camera’s self-timer function to trigger the shutter.

Camera settings should be used

Shutter speed – depending on the light in your scene, your shutter time will need to be at least 10 to 15 seconds, or longer if necessary. If you are doing a seascape and the water is moving quickly, then a few seconds may be long enough to make the water look misty.

Aperture – you will want to have your aperture set at anywhere between f/8 and f/16. This again will be determined by how much light is in the scene and how long you want to expose for.

ISO – keep your ISO settings as low as possible, ISO 100 is what I use for long exposures.

It’s normally a good idea to shoot long exposures as the sun is setting, or just after sunset. My suggestion is to be on the scene an hour before sunset. That way you can test some shots, make sure your composition is good and be sure all your settings are correct. 

It totally depends on what you are shooting. For landscapes, usually f/8-f/11, ISO 100 and shutter 1/250 or higher during day time. Similarly for portraits, f/2.5, ISO 100 and shutter 1/250 or higher.

You are the lower shutter speed then photo will long expoSure and the shutter speed will high then the its it will complete the exposure value.

You focus the subject and try to low shutter speed and high shutter speed and then show how was the photo

1. Shooting with 50mm lens can let you shoot at aperture as wide as 1.8 but a 18-55mm will allow you to shoot only at 5.0 aperture 
2. This difference itself is a huge deal. This means you can have the advantage of having faster shutter . Imagine shooting handheld at 1/15s with aperture f5.0 and then at 1/125s with aperture f1.8. This can be significant in low light conditions.

A wedding i a magical event. It happens just once and so is it divine. It is the responsibility of the photographer to capture each and every sequence of this divine occassion in its true colour. It should not be all artificial, but it should have something that they do for the love of doing it. 

Any telephoto lens with focal length 200mm and above would be good. This is generic and affordable for most of amateur photographers. 

If you are willing to specialize in wildlife or willing to venture out in wildlife photography, can go for 150-600mm lens.